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India has recorded impressive rates of economic growth in recent years, which provide the basis for more ambitious achievements in the future. However, a healthy rate of economic growth equaling or exceeding the current rate of 8% per annum would require major provision of infrastructure and enhanced supply of inputs such as energy. The Indian government aims to achieve an economic growth rate of over 8% in the next two decades in order to be able to meet its development objectives. However, rapid economic growth would also imply the need for structural changes in the economy as well as for induced shifts in the patterns of endues demands. To meet the needs of the Indian populace in the most effective manner, it is important to map out the energy demand and supply dynamics in the country. This study estimates alternative trajectories of energy requirements and examines the likely fuel mix for the country under various resource and technological constraints over a 30-year time frame. This study has been commissioned and supported by the office of the PSA (Principal Scientific Advisor) to the Government of India. The two-year study has drawn inputs from several organizations and sectoral experts across the country to gauge the likelihood of technological progress and availability of energy resources in the future. The MARKAL model used in this study is a widely used integrated energy system optimization framework that enables policymakers and researchers to examine the best technological options for each stage of energy processing, conversion, and use. This modeling framework was used to represent a detailed technological database for the Indian energy sector with regard to energy resources (indigenous extraction, imports, and conversion) as well as energy use across the five major end-use sectors (agricultural, commercial, residential, transport, and industrial).