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Unchecked concretisation and acute loss of wetland and vegetation over the years are the two key reasons causing frequent flooding during a spell of heavy rain or monsoon in Bengaluru, according to an IISc study. Researchers from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) said high-density urban development in catchment areas leads to an increase in impervious areas (where easy water flow is hindered, thus causing waterlogging or flooding) in the city. The IISc study -Frequent Floods in Bangalore: Causes and Remedial Measures -says paved surfaces in the city have increased up to 78% due to years of unplanned urbanisation. Researchers have established the extent of concretisation by comparing the spatial maps of the city over the years and contrasting them with the ground situation.