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Researchers at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Guwahati, have formulated efficient "pincer" catalytic systems that transform industrial or biomass wastes into valuable chemicals. According to the team, tiny amounts of these "pincer catalysts" repeatedly convert large amounts of industrial waste such as glycerol into lactic acid and hydrogen. Such catalysts also efficiently convert bioethanol, a low-energy density fuel, into high-energy density butanol. The findings of the time have also been featured in the Royal Society of Chemistry journals Chemical Communications and Catalysis Science and Technology.